In addition to providing a wealth of household economic information (rent/mortgage, income, etc) through the databases linked on the previous tab, the Census Bureau also conducts various other surveys relating to economic issues. Older, print versions of these reports can be found by searching UC Search for the title, or year and title (such as the 2002 Economic Census).
The United States Census of Agriculture is not currently done by the Census Bureau, but instead by the Department of Agriculture.
The Current Population Survey (CPS) is one of the oldest, largest, and most well-recognized surveys in the United States and provides information on employment, earnings, and education. The CPS has been done by the Census and Department of Labor since the 1940's (earlier reports done by the Department of Labor go back to the 1930's). Sometimes, the older reports are called "Special Census." Also be sure to check out the various supplements done each month. You can also find many of reports in UC Search by searching Current Population Survey or Special Census.