The Spirit of Mathematics : Algebra and All That
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The world's first computer programmer : The Extraordinary Life of Ada Lovelace
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The name Ada Lovelace perhaps is not a name that you would automatically link to computer science, but she was in fact the first person to create a computer algorithm. Working with the renowned scientist Charles Babbage, Lovelace translated a set of notes on Babbage's new mechanical computer, The Analytical Engine and discovered that in fact it could be programed to do more than mere mathematical calculations. Lovelace may have been a mathematical genius, but as the only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron, she was also a figure of great scrutiny. Abandoned by her father at just four weeks old, Ada endured a strict childhood in the care of her mother who was adamant that her daughter would not inherit the so-called Byron madness. She ensured Ada was denied all things that were considered exciting and was pushed more towards the logical subjects of science and mathematics. Did this strict approach work? Or, did Ada Lovelace inherit more than her genius from her father? Ada was many things: a daughter, wife and mother but above all that she was an inspirational woman, one who defied Victorian ideals by entering the field of mathematical studies and by achieving greatness that is still recognized today.
Gödel Forever : Through 90 Years of Foundational Claims
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Gödel Forever takes a critical look at several foundation claims on Gödelian incompleteness that have appeared in the literature over the years, strictly adhering to mathematical details.
Ken Williams presents a new book on Gödel's incompleteness theorem for a general audience since no existing book both explains the theorem from a mathematical point of view and reflects his experiences over the years of reading and commenting on references to the incompleteness theorem on the Internet. The range of critical review on the one hand and its elementary, if detailed, derivation of Gödel's Result (on which it is based) on the other makes Gödel Forever a must read for the serious study of the meaning and consequences of Gödel's Incompleteness.
Electromagnetism & Geometry
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This book is based upon a series of lecture notes written by the author for his courses in mathematical physics at Qiuzhen College of Tsinghua University. The essence of this book is an explanation of both the physical and the geometric aspects of modern electromagnetism, as well as the bridge between these two viewpoints. The first part of this book covers key concepts of electromagnetic fields and their classical dynamics. The second part explains Maxwell theory in terms of the geometry of U (1) fiber bundles. The language of differential forms is used throughout this book to illustrate the geometric and topological natures of Maxwell’s equations.
Computability and Complexity
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A clear, comprehensive, and rigorous introduction to the theory of computation. What is computable? What leads to efficiency in computation? Computability and Complexity offers a clear, comprehensive, and rigorous introduction to the mathematical study of the capabilities and limitations of computation. Hubie Chen covers the core notions, techniques, methods, and questions of the theory of computation before turning to several advanced topics. Emphasizing intuitive learning and conceptual discussion, this textbook's accessible approach offers a robust foundation for understanding both the reach and restrictions of algorithms and computers. Extensive exercises and diagrams enhance streamlined, student-friendly presentation of mathematically rigorous material. Includes thorough treatment of automata theory, computability theory, and complexity theory - including the P versus NP question and the theory of NP-completeness. Suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and professionals.
Introduction to the Basics of Real Analysis
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This book presents an introduction to the key topics in Real Analysis and makes the subject easily understood by the learners. The book is primarily useful for students of mathematics and engineering studying the subject of Real Analysis. It includes many examples and exercises at the end of each chapter. It describes several useful topics in Real Analysis such as sets and functions, completeness, ordered field, neighborhoods, limit points of a set, open sets, closed sets, countable and uncountable sets, sequences of real numbers, limit, continuity and differentiability of real functions, uniform continuity, point-wise and uniform convergence of sequences and series of real functions, Riemann integration, improper integrals and metric spaces.
Metric Spaces and Related Analysis
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This book offers the comprehensive study of one of the foundational topics in Mathematics, known as Metric Spaces. The book delivers the concepts in an appropriate and concise manner, at the same time rich in illustrations and exercise problems. Special focus has been laid on important theorems like Baire's Category theorem, Heine-Borel theorem, Ascoli-Arzela Theorem, etc, which play a crucial role in the study of metric spaces. The additional chapter on Cofinal completeness, UC spaces and finite chainability makes the text unique of its kind. This helps the students in: 1. Taking the secondary step towards analysis on metric spaces, 2. Realizing the connection between the two most important classes of functions, continuous functions and uniformly continuous functions, 3. Understanding the gap between compact metric spaces and complete metric spaces. Readers will also find brief discussions on various subtleties of continuity like subcontinuity, upper semi-continuity, lower semi-continuity, etc. The interested readers will be motivated to explore the special classes of functions between metric spaces to further extent. Consequently, the book becomes a complete package: it makes the foundational pillars strong and develops the interest of students to pursue research in metric spaces. The book is useful for third and fourth year undergraduate students and it is also helpful for graduate students and researchers.
Modern Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers : A Street-smart Introduction
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Modern Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers is a modern introduction to basic topics in mathematics at the undergraduate level, with emphasis on explanations and applications to real-life problems. There is also an "Application" section at the end of each chapter, with topics drawn from a variety of areas, including neural networks, fluid dynamics, and the behavior of "put" and "call" options in financial markets. The book presents several modern important and computationally efficient topics, including feedforward neural networks, wavelets, generalized functions, stochastic optimization methods, and numerical methods. A unique and novel feature of the book is the introduction of a recently developed method for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), called the unified transform. PDEs are the mathematical cornerstone for describing an astonishingly wide range of phenomena, from quantum mechanics to ocean waves, to the diffusion of heat in matter and the behavior of financial markets. Despite the efforts of many famous mathematicians, physicists and engineers, the solution of partial differential equations remains a challenge. The unified transform greatly facilitates this task. For example, two and a half centuries after Jean d'Alembert formulated the wave equation and presented a solution for solving a simple problem for this equation, the unified transform derives in a simple manner a generalization of the d'Alembert solution, valid for general boundary value problems. Moreover, two centuries after Joseph Fourier introduced the classical tool of the Fourier series for solving the heat equation, the unified transform constructs a new solution to this ubiquitous PDE, with important analytical and numerical advantages in comparison to the classical solutions. The authors present the unified transform pedagogically, building all the necessary background, including functions of real and of complex variables and the Fourier transform, illustrating the method with numerous examples. Broad in scope, but pedagogical in style and content, the book is an introduction to powerful mathematical concepts and modern tools for students in science and engineering.
Property-Preserving Numerical Schemes Hb
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High-order numerical methods for hyperbolic conservation laws do not guarantee the validity of constraints that physically meaningful approximations are supposed to satisfy. The finite volume and finite element schemes summarized in this book use limiting techniques to enforce discrete maximum principles and entropy inequalities. Spurious oscillations are prevented using artificial viscosity operators and/or essentially nonoscillatory reconstructions.An introduction to classical nonlinear stabilization approaches is given in the simple context of one-dimensional finite volume discretizations. Subsequent chapters of Part I are focused on recent extensions to continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods. Many of the algorithms presented in these chapters were developed by the authors and their collaborators. Part II gives a deeper insight into the mathematical theory of property-preserving numerical schemes. It begins with a review of the convergence theory for finite volume methods and ends with analysis of algebraic flux correction schemes for finite elements. In addition to providing ready-to-use algorithms, this text explains the design principles behind such algorithms and shows how to put theory into practice. Although the book is based on lecture notes written for an advanced graduate-level course, it is also aimed at senior researchers who develop and analyze numerical methods for hyperbolic problems.
Non-integrable Dynamics : Time-quantitative Results
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The subject of this monograph is to describe orbits of slowly chaotic motion. The study of geodesic flow on the unit torus is motivated by the irrational rotation sequence, where the most outstanding result is the Kronecker-Weyl equidistribution theorem and its time-quantitative enhancements, including superuniformity. Another important result is the Khinchin density theorem on superdensity, a best possible form of time-quantitative density. The purpose of this monograph is to extend these classical time-quantitative results to some non-integrable flat dynamical systems.The theory of dynamical systems is on the most part about the qualitative behavior of typical orbits and not about individual orbits. Thus, our study deviates from, and indeed is in complete contrast to, what is considered the mainstream research in dynamical systems. We establish non-trivial results concerning explicit individual orbits and describe their long-term behavior in a precise time-quantitative way. Our non-ergodic approach gives rise to a few new methods. These are based on a combination of ideas in combinatorics, number theory, geometry and linear algebra.Approximately half of this monograph is devoted to a time-quantitative study of two concrete simple non-integrable flat dynamical systems. The first concerns billiard in the L-shape region which is equivalent to geodesic flow on the L-surface. The second concerns geodesic flow on the surface of the unit cube. In each, we give a complete description of time-quantitative equidistribution for every geodesic with a quadratic irrational slope.
Analytic Methods in Number Theory : When Complex Numbers Count
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There is no surprise that arithmetic properties of integral ('whole') numbers are controlled by analytic functions of complex variables. At the same time, the values of analytic functions themselves happen to be interesting numbers, for which we often seek explicit expressions in terms of other "better known" numbers or try to prove that no such exist. This natural symbiosis of number theory and analysis is centuries old but keeps enjoying new results, ideas and methods.The present book takes a semi-systematic review of analytic achievements in number theory ranging from classical themes about primes, continued fractions, transcendence of "pi" and resolution of Hilbert's seventh problem to some recent developments on the irrationality of the values of Riemann's zeta function, sizes of non-cyclotomic algebraic integers and applications of hypergeometric functions to integer congruences. Our principal goal is to present a variety of different analytic techniques that are used in number theory, at a reasonably accessible -- almost popular -- level, so that the materials from this book can suit for teaching a graduate course on the topic or for a self-study. Exercises included are of varying difficulty and of varying distribution within the book; they not only help the reader to consolidate their understanding of the material but also suggest directions for further study and investigation. Furthermore, the end of each chapter features brief notes about relevant developments of the themes discussed.
Matrix Mathematics : A Second Course in Linear Algebra
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Using a modern matrix-based approach, this rigorous second course in linear algebra helps upper-level undergraduates in mathematics, data science, and the physical sciences transition from basic theory to advanced topics and applications. Its clarity of exposition together with many illustrations, 900+ exercises, and 350 conceptual and numerical examples aid the student's understanding. Concise chapters promote a focused progression through essential ideas. Topics are derived and discussed in detail, including the singular value decomposition, Jordan canonical form, spectral theorem, QR factorization, normal matrices, Hermitian matrices, and positive definite matrices. Each chapter ends with a bullet list summarizing important concepts. New to this edition are chapters on matrix norms and positive matrices, many new sections on topics including interpolation and LU factorization, 300+ more problems, many new examples, and color-enhanced figures. Prerequisites include a first course in linear algebra and basic calculus sequence. Instructor's resources are available.
Numbers and Figures : Six Math Conversations Starting from Scratch
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One of the great charms of mathematics is uncovering unexpected connections. In Numbers and Figures, Giancarlo Travaglini provides six conversations that do exactly that by talking about several topics in elementary number theory and some of their connections to geometry, calculus, and real-life problems such as COVID-19 vaccines or fiscal frauds. Each conversation is in two parts--an introductory essay which provides a gentle introduction to the topic and a second section that delves deeper and requires study by the reader. The topics themselves are extremely appealing and include, for example, Pick's theorem, Simpson's paradox, Farey sequences, the Frobenius problem, and Benford's Law. Numbers and Figures will be a useful resource for college faculty teaching Elementary Number Theory or Calculus. The chapters are largely independent and could make for nice course-ending projects or even lead-ins to high school or undergraduate research projects. The whole book would make for an enjoyable semester-long independent reading course. Faculty will find it entertaining bedtime reading and, last but not least, readers more generally will be interested in this book if they miss the accuracy and imagination found in their high school and college math courses.
A First Course in Options Pricing Theory
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Among the many branches of applied mathematics, options pricing theory occupies a unique position: it utilizes a wide range of advanced mathematical concepts, making it appealing to mathematicians, and it is regularly applied at financial institutions, making it indispensable to practitioners. The emergence of artificial intelligence in the financial industry has led to further interest in mathematical finance and has increased the demand for literature on this subject that is accessible to a large audience. This book presents a self-contained introduction to options pricing theory and includes a complete discussion of the required concepts in finance and probability theory; an introduction to basic models, emphasizing both critical thinking and practical applications; and over 200 exercises, several Python codes for the analysis and application of the options pricing models, and numerical projects intended to help close the gap between theory and practice. A First Course in Options Pricing Theory is suitable for an advanced undergraduate course on financial mathematics and options pricing theory in engineering, computer science, and applied mathematics programs. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the standard material in calculus and linear algebra. Stochastic calculus is not used in the book.
A Walk Through Combinatorics : An Introduction to Enumeration, Graph Theory, and Selected other Topics
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The first half of this book walks the reader through methods of counting, both direct elementary methods and the more advanced method of generating functions. Then, in the second half of the book, the reader learns how to apply these methods to fascinating objects such as graphs, designs, random variables, partially ordered sets, and algorithms. In short, the first half emphasizes depth by discussing counting methods at length; the second half aims for breadth by showing how numerous the applications of our methods are. New to this fifth edition of A Walk Through Combinatorics is the addition of Instant Check exercises -- more than a hundred in total -- which are located at the end of most subsections. The exercises sometimes contain new material that was not discussed in the text, allowing instructors to spend more time on a given topic if they wish to do so. With a thorough introduction into enumeration and graph theory, as well as a chapter on permutation patterns (not often covered in other textbooks), this book is well suited for any undergraduate introductory combinatorics class.
Actions of Groups : A Second Course in Algebra
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Using the unifying notion of group actions, this second course in modern algebra introduces the deeper algebraic tools needed to get into topics only hinted at in a first course, like the successful classification of finite simple groups and how groups play a role in the solutions of polynomial equations. Because groups may act as permutations of a set, as linear transformations on a vector space, or as automorphisms of a field, the deeper structure of a group may emerge from these viewpoints, two different groups can be distinguished, or a polynomial equation can be shown to be solvable by radicals. By developing the properties of these group actions, readers encounter essential algebra topics like the Sylow theorems and their applications, Galois theory, and representation theory. Warmup chapters that review and build on the first course and active learning modules help students transition to a deeper understanding of ideas.
Cofinally Complete Metric Spaces and Related Functions
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This monograph targets a huge variety of characterizations of cofinally complete metric spaces. These spaces are studied in terms of several properties of some classes of functions between metric spaces that are stronger than the continuous functions such as Cauchy-regular, uniformly continuous, strongly uniformly continuous, and various Lipschitz-type functions. There is one chapter that is dedicated to studying cofinally complete metric spaces in terms of hyperspace and function space topologies. Along with that, various characterizations are studied in terms of geometric functionals, sequences, Cantor-type conditions, etc. The study of such spaces is significant in their connections with various other branches of mathematics such as convex analysis, optimization theory, fixed point theory, functional analysis and approximation theory. Until now, there has been no textbook or research monograph which presents the entire theory of these spaces in a comprehensive way. The study of the aforesaid spaces and their variants is still a vibrant area of research, and many prominent researchers are working in this area. The book is targeted at researchers as well as graduate students interested in real functions, analysis on metric spaces, and topology. Since the monograph often discusses various properties of Lipschitz-type functions, it would be of interest to people interested in PDEs as well.
Partial Differential Equations
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Quite a number of phenomena in science and technology, industrial and agricultural production and transport, medical and biological flows and movements, and social and economical developments involve many complex variables. Although the detailed knowledge is accumulated in respective fields, it is meaningful to model and analyze the essential part of the phenomena in terms of a smaller number of variables, which falls into partial differential equations. This book aims to provide students and researchers with the basic ideas and methods to solve problems in various fields. Particular attention is paid to bridge the gap between mathematics and the real world. To do this, we start from a simple system with intuitively understandable physical background, extract the essential part, formulate into mathematical tools, and then generalize for further application. Here logical thinking in depth and wide linking to various fields are sought to construct an intellectual network.
Modern Trends in Algebra and Representation Theory
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Expanding upon the material delivered during the LMS Autumn Algebra School 2020, this volume reflects the fruitful connections between different aspects of representation theory. Each survey article addresses a specific subject from a modern angle, beginning with an exploration of the representation theory of associative algebras, followed by the coverage of important developments in Lie theory in the past two decades, before the final sections introduce the reader to three strikingly different aspects of group theory. Written at a level suitable for graduate students and researchers in related fields, this book provides pure mathematicians with a springboard into the vast and growing literature in each area.
A Discrete Transition to Advanced Mathematics
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This textbook bridges the gap between lower-division mathematics courses and advanced mathematical thinking. Featuring clear writing and appealing topics, the book introduces techniques for writing proofs in the context of discrete mathematics. By illuminating the concepts behind techniques, the authors create opportunities for readers to sharpen critical thinking skills and develop mathematical maturity. Beginning with an introduction to sets and logic, the book goes on to establish the basics of proof techniques. From here, chapters explore proofs in the context of number theory, combinatorics, functions and cardinality, and graph theory. A selection of extension topics concludes the book, including continued fractions, infinite arithmetic, and the interplay among Fibonacci numbers, Pascal's triangle, and the golden ratio. A Discrete Transition to Advanced Mathematics is suitable for an introduction to proof course or a course in discrete mathematics. Abundant examples and exercises invite readers to get involved, and the wealth of topics allows for course customization and further reading. This new edition has been expanded and modernized throughout. New features include a chapter on combinatorial geometry, a more in-depth treatment of counting, and over 365 new exercises.
Introduction to Mathematics : Number, Space, and Structure
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This textbook is designed for an Introduction to Proofs course organized around the themes of number and space. Concepts are illustrated using both geometric and number examples, while frequent analogies and applications help build intuition and context in the humanities, arts, and sciences. Sophisticated mathematical ideas are introduced early and then revisited several times in a spiral structure, allowing students to progressively develop rigorous thinking. Throughout, the presentation is enlivened with whimsical illustrations, apt quotations, and glimpses of mathematical history and culture. Early chapters integrate an introduction to sets, logic, and beginning proof techniques with a first exposure to more advanced mathematical structures. The middle chapters focus on equivalence relations, functions, and induction. Carefully chosen examples elucidate familiar topics, such as natural and rational numbers and angle measurements, as well as new mathematics, such as modular arithmetic and beginning graph theory. The book concludes with a thorough exploration of the cardinalities of finite and infinite sets and, in two optional chapters, brings all the topics together by constructing the real numbers and other complete metric spaces. Designed to foster the mental flexibility and rigorous thinking needed for advanced mathematics, Introduction to Mathematics suits either a lecture-based or flipped classroom. A year of mathematics, statistics, or computer science at the university level is assumed, but the main prerequisite is the willingness to engage in a new challenge.
