MCB 32: Introduction to Human Physiology: Citing sources

Citation formats

• Websites
• Scientific journal articles
• Newspaper articles
• Magazine articles
• Drug package inserts
• Books and book chapters

 

Websites

1. Author/creator name(s), if available; may be organization if no individual authors/creators are named
2. Year of publication, copyright or latest update, if available
3. Title of page, article or video
4. Name of platform, sponsoring organization and/or website
5. Date accessed: The most recent date you viewed the information you are citing on the website. Including the date is important because websites frequently change over time.
6. URL or DOI (What is a DOI?)

Examples:

• Web page, named author(s):
  Gutierrez MM. 2018. Can You Pill It? Demystifying Painkillers. Yale University: Yale National Initiative. (8 July 2019; http://teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/viewer/initiative_12.05.02_u)
• Web page, organizational/corporate author(s) that differ from the website name:
  American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Patient Medication Information. 2018. Aspirin. U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. (8 July 2019; https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682878.html)
• Web page, organizational/corporate author(s) that are the same as the website name:
  DrugBank. 2018. Aspirin. DrugBank. (8 July 2019; https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00945)
• Video:
  Zaidan G. 2012. How Do Pain Relievers Work? TED-Ed. (8 July 2019; https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-pain-relievers-work)
  Could also be cited as:
  Zaidan G. 2012. How Do Pain Relievers Work? YouTube: TED-Ed. (8 July 2019; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mcuIc5O-DE)

 

Scientific journal articles

1. Author name(s)
2. Year of publication
3. Title of article
4. Title of journal
5. Volume
6. Issue or Number (omitted for many citation styles in the sciences and for this assignment)
7. Page numbers (for articles published both in print and online) or article number (for online-only articles)
8. For articles published online: URL or DOI (What is a DOI?)

Examples:

• 6 or fewer authors:
  Freeman PR, Goodin A, Troske S, Strahl A, Fallin A, Green TC. 2017. Pharmacists’ role in opioid overdose: Kentucky pharmacists’ willingness to participate in naloxone dispensing. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 57: S28-S33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.064
• More than 6 authors:
  Barnosky AD, et al. 2012. Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere. Nature 486: 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11018
• Published online only, with an article number rather than page numbers:
  Ali-Murthy Z, Lott SE, Eisen MB, Kornberg TB. 2013. An essential role for zygotic expression in the pre-cellular Drosophila embryo. PLoS Genetics 9: e1003428. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003428 [Note: not all article numbers begin with "e"]
• Article title ending in a question mark or other punctuation mark:
  Ray A, Camiolo M, Fitzpatrick A, Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. 2020. Are we meeting the promise of endotypes and precision medicine in asthma? Physiological Reviews 100: 983-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2019

 

Newspaper articles

1. Author name(s)
2. Date of publication (include year followed by month and day)
3. Title of article
4. Title of newspaper
5. Volume (if available)
6. Issue or Number (placed in parentheses after volume, if available)
7. Page numbers for articles published both in print and online (if available)
8. For articles published online: URL or DOI (What is a DOI?)

Examples:

• Associated Press in Atlanta. 2021, May 16. Fauci: 'Undeniable effects of racism' have worsened Covid for US minorities. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/16/fauci-racism-covid-us-black-hispanic-native-americans-emory-university-graduation
• Johnson C, Rodriguez OR, and Kastanis A. 2021, June 14. As U.S. COVID-19 death toll nears 600,000, racial gaps persist. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2021-06-14/as-us-covid-19-death-toll-nears-600-000-racial-gaps-persist

 

Magazine articles

1. Author name(s)
2. Date of publication (include year followed by month or month and day, especially if no issue information is available)
3. Title of article
4. Title of magazine
5. Volume
6. Issue or Number (placed in parentheses after volume, if available)
7. Page numbers for articles published both in print and online (if available)
8. For articles published online: URL or DOI (What is a DOI?)

Examples:

• Magazine or magazine feature published more than once a month:
  Specter M. 2021, June 14. The F.D.A.'s extraordinary approval of a questionable treatment for Alzheimer’s. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-fdas-extraordinary-approval-of-a-questionable-treatment-for-alzheimers
• Magazine or magazine feature published monthly or bimonthly:
  Jacobsen R. 2021, July. Artificial proteins never seen in the natural world are becoming new COVID vaccines and medicines. Scientific American 325(1): 28-37. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/artificial-proteins-never-seen-in-the-natural-world-are-becoming-new-covid-vaccines-and-medicines/
• Magazine published seasonally:
  Fitch L. 2020, Autumn. Science, pandemics and social media. BIOS 35(4): 4. https://aspb.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/5830/ASPB_BIOs_Autumn2020-final.pdf

 

Drug package inserts

From a website:

1. Company name
2. Month and year of revision (sometimes there can be multiple revisions in a single year, so the year alone won't distinguish the version you're citing)
3. Name of drug (alternate name for drug) [package insert]
4. Name of website sponsor or website title
5. Date accessed
6. URL for insert

Example:

• Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies. January 2019. Risperdal (risperidone) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (20 May 2019; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020272s082,020588s070,021444s056lbl.pdf)

In print:

1. Name of drug (alternate name for drug) [package insert]
2. Month and year of revision
3. Place of publication
4. Company name

Example:

• Risperdal (risperidone) [package insert]. January 2019. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies.

 

Books

For a book written by one or more author(s):

1. Author(s)
2. Year of publication
3. Title of book
4. Publisher
5. Page numbers
6. For e-books: URL or DOI (What is a DOI?)

Example:

• Book by one or more author(s):
  Beazley JC, Field S. 2018. Cannabis on Campus: Changing the Dialogue in the Wake of Legalization. Routledge. Pages 121-122.

For a chapter in an edited collection:

1. Chapter author(s)
2. Year of publication
3. Title of chapter
4. Page numbers
5. Name(s) of editor(s)
6. Title of book
7. Publisher
8. For e-books: URL or DOI (What is a DOI?)

Example:

• Chapter in an edited collection:
  Zalman D, Bar-Sela G. 2017. Chapter 89: Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids for cancer patients: Multiple palliative indications together with promising laboratory antineoplastic effects. Pages 859-868 in Preedy VR, ed. Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800756-3.00104-6